Top 9 Best Node.js Frameworks For Web App Development

Companies are being pushed to provide an intuitive user interface in today’s digital era instead of simply providing functionality. As a result, user-friendly online apps are in high demand. Developers are constantly evaluating different frameworks to meet this demand and provide the best of the options. This article will walk you through the most acceptable Node.js framework list for building dynamic web apps for your company.

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What is A Node.js Framework?

A Node.js framework is a collection of pre-built tools and functionalities designed to simplify and accelerate the development process for web applications built with Node.js. 

Here's a breakdown of the building blocks:

• Libraries: Frameworks provide pre-written libraries that offer common functionalities like routing, templating, database interaction, user authentication, and more. These libraries save developers time by avoiding the need to write the code from scratch.

• Structure and Organization: Frameworks often enforce a specific structure for your application code, promoting modularity and maintainability. This makes it easier to manage complex projects and collaborate with other developers.

• Best Practices: Frameworks often embody best practices for Node.js development. They can help developers avoid common pitfalls and write clean, efficient, and scalable code.

3 Types of Node.js Frameworks

MVC, Full-Stack MVC, and REST API are the three primary categories of Node.js frameworks.

MVC Frameworks

These frameworks follow the MVC design pattern, which separates an application's logic into three parts:

• Model: Handles data access and manipulation.

• View: Renders the user interface based on data from the model.

• Controller: Receives user requests, interacts with the model, and selects the appropriate view.

Popular MVC frameworks: Express.js, NestJS, etc.

Full-Stack MVC Frameworks 

These frameworks extend the functionalities of MVC frameworks by offering additional tools for both front-end and back-end development. They often include features like:

• Templating engines for generating dynamic HTML content.

• Built-in support for front-end libraries (e.g., React, Vue.js).

• WebSocket libraries for real-time communication.

Popular Full-Stack MVC frameworks: Adonis.js, MEAN.js, etc.

REST API (Representational State Transfer) Frameworks

These frameworks focus on building RESTful APIs (Representational State Transfer APIs). REST APIs are web services that allow applications to communicate with each other using standardized methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE).  REST API frameworks are ideal for developing:

• APIs for mobile applications or single-page applications.

• Microservices architectures where applications are broken down into smaller, independent services.

Popular REST API frameworks: Koa.js, Fastify, etc.

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9 Best Node.js Frameworks For Web App Development

Express.js

Express.js is a minimal and flexible Node.js web application framework widely recognized as the de facto standard for building web applications and APIs with Node.js. It provides a robust set of features to streamline the development process without being overly prescriptive.

Core Features:

• Routing: Express.js allows you to define routes that map URLs to specific functions within your application. This enables you to handle different requests based on the URL path.

• Middleware: Middleware functions are functions that are executed in a chain before a request reaches its final destination (a route handler). They can be used for various purposes like logging requests, parsing incoming data, and handling authentication.

• Templating: Express.js works with various templating engines like Pug (formerly Jade) or EJS to generate dynamic HTML content based on data.

• Static File Serving: Express.js can serve static files like images, CSS, and JavaScript from a designated directory.

Advantages:

• Lightweight and Flexible: Express.js is known for its small footprint and modular design. You can choose the functionalities you need and integrate them into your app.

• Vast Community and Ecosystem: Express.js has a large and active community with extensive documentation, tutorials, and a rich ecosystem of third-party libraries and middleware.

• Ease of Use: With its intuitive API and well-established patterns, Express.js offers a relatively easy learning curve for developers familiar with JavaScript.

• Performance: Express.js is known for its good performance, making it suitable for building scalable web applications.

Drawbacks:

• Can Be Opinionated at Times: While flexible, Express.js might enforce certain patterns for routing and middleware that might not always be the best fit for every project.

• Complexity for Large Projects: For very complex projects with extensive features, the flexibility of Express.js might require more manual configuration and boilerplate code compared to some other frameworks with stricter structures.

• Security Concerns: Since Express.js is unopinionated about security practices, developers need to take extra care to implement security measures to prevent vulnerabilities in their applications.

When to Use Express.js:

• Simple and Single-Page Applications (SPAs).
• Prototyping and Experimentation.
• Teams Familiar with Node.js.

Code Example:

Here's a basic example showcasing a simple Express.js application that responds to a GET request on the root path ("/"):

const express = require('express');

const app = express();

// Define a route handler for the root path ('/')
app.get('/', (req, res) => {
  res.send('Hello from your Express.js application!');
});

// Start the server and listen on port 3000
app.listen(3000, () => {
  console.log('Server listening on port 3000!');
});

In this example:

• We import the Express library.
• We create an Express application instance.
• We define a route handler function using app.get that responds with a message when a GET request is received on the root path.
• We start the server and listen for incoming requests on port 3000.

This is a very basic example, but it demonstrates the core functionalities of routing and handling requests in an Express.js application.

Nest.js

Nest.js is a progressive Node.js framework that emphasizes modular architecture, scalability, and TypeScript support. It's inspired by Angular (a popular front-end framework) and aims to provide a well-defined structure for building robust server-side applications.

Core Features:

• Modular Design: Nest.js promotes a modular approach where your application code is organized into modules. Each module can have its own controllers, services, and providers, promoting clean separation of concerns.

• Dependency Injection: Nest.js leverages dependency injection, a powerful technique for managing dependencies between different parts of your application. This improves testability and maintainability.

• Decorators: Nest.js uses decorators to define application components like controllers, services, and modules. This provides a concise and organized syntax for configuring your application.

• Built-in Features: Nest.js offers built-in support for various functionalities like:

• HTTP requests handling with controllers.

• Data access with repositories and database integrations.

• Middleware for handling cross-cutting concerns like logging or authentication.

Advantages:

• Structure and Organization: Nest.js enforces a clear structure, making complex applications easier to manage and maintain.

• Scalability: The modular design and dependency injection principles in Nest.js promote scalability for large, enterprise-grade applications.

• Testability: Nest.js encourages writing clean and decoupled code, making it easier to write unit and integration tests.

• TypeScript Support: Nest.js is built with TypeScript in mind, providing strong type safety and improved developer experience.

Drawbacks:

• Steeper Learning Curve: Compared to Express.js, Nest.js has a steeper learning curve due to its emphasis on structure, decorators, and dependency injection.

• Overhead for Smaller Projects: For very simple projects, the structure and boilerplate code of Nest.js might be excessive compared to the lightweight approach of Express.js

• Less Flexibility: While structured, Nest.js might offer less flexibility in terms of customizing the application architecture compared to the free-form approach of Express.js.

When to Use Nest.js:

• Large and Complex Applications.
• Long-Term Maintainability.
• Teams Using TypeScript.

Code Example:

Here's a basic example showcasing a simple Nest.js application with a controller that responds to a GET request:

// controller.ts
import { Controller, Get } from '@nestjs/common';

@Controller()
export class HelloController {
  @Get()
  getHello() {
    return 'Hello from Nest.js!';
  }
}

// app.module.ts
import { Module } from '@nestjs/common';
import { HelloController } from './hello.controller';

@Module({
  imports: [],
  controllers: [HelloController],
})
export class AppModule {}

In this code example:

• We import necessary modules from @nestjs/common.
• We define a HelloController with a getHello method decorated with @Get to handle GET requests on the root path ("/").
• We define an AppModule that imports the HelloController and serves as the main entry point for the application.

This is a very basic example, but it demonstrates the concept of controllers handling requests in a Nest.js application.

Koa.js

Koa.js stands out as a lightweight Node.js web framework designed to offer a flexible and expressive foundation for crafting web applications and APIs. Compared to its more feature-rich counterpart, Express.js, Koa.js prioritizes a smaller core set of functionalities, empowering developers with more control over application structure and middleware implementation.

Core Features:

• Middleware-Based: Builds applications using composable middleware functions for request handling.

• Async/Await: Leverages async/await syntax for cleaner error handling and modern JavaScript practices.

• Context Object (ctx): Provides contextual information about the request and response.

• Optional Routing: Integrates third-party routing libraries like koa-router for defining routes.

Advantages:

• Flexibility and Control: Fine-grained control over application structure and functionalities.

• Improved Error Handling: Async/await simplifies error handling compared to callbacks.

• Smaller Footprint: Ideal for resource-constrained environments or minimal frameworks.

• Modern JavaScript: Aligns well with modern JavaScript features like async/await and generators.

Drawbacks:

• Steeper Learning Curve: Might require additional learning for developers new to the middleware approach.

• Boilerplate Code: More manual setup for functionalities like routing and error handling compared to Express.js.

• Limited Ecosystem: Smaller community and library ecosystem compared to Express.js.

When to Use Koa.js:

• Building small, independent microservices with custom logic.
• Projects requiring fine-grained control over the request-response cycle.
• Developers comfortable with async/await and generators.

Code Example:

const Koa = require('koa');
const app = new Koa();

// Middleware to handle GET requests on the root path ('/')
app.use(async (ctx) => {
  if (ctx.method === 'GET' && ctx.url === '/') {
    ctx.body = 'Hello from Koa.js!';
  }
});

// Start the server and listen on port 3000
app.listen(3000, () => {
  console.log('Server listening on port 3000!');
});

This example showcases a basic Koa.js application that responds with "Hello from Koa.js!" to a GET request on the root path. It utilizes async/await syntax for a cleaner approach to handling the request.

Hapi.js

Hapi.js is an open-source Node.js framework known for its focus on security, scalability, and plugin extensibility. It provides a robust foundation for building web applications and APIs of various complexities.

Core Features:

• Routing: Hapi.js offers a powerful routing system for defining endpoints and handling requests based on URL patterns and HTTP methods.

• Validation: Built-in validation tools help ensure the integrity and security of your application by validating user input and request data.

• Caching: Hapi.js supports caching mechanisms to improve performance by storing frequently accessed data.

• Authentication and Authorization: The framework provides support for implementing authentication and authorization strategies to control access to your application resources.

• Plugin System: A rich plugin ecosystem allows you to extend Hapi.js functionality with various features like database integrations, logging, and security tools.

Advantages:

• Security Focus: Hapi.js emphasizes security best practices and offers built-in mechanisms for preventing common vulnerabilities.

• Scalability: The framework is designed for building applications that can handle high traffic and grow over time.

• Flexibility: Hapi.js allows you to choose the functionalities you need through its plugin system, promoting a modular approach.

• Large Community: Hapi.js has a well-established community with extensive documentation and resources.

Drawbacks:

• Steeper Learning Curve: The configuration options and plugin system in Hapi.js can have a steeper learning curve compared to some simpler frameworks.

• Potential for Boilerplate: Depending on your project needs, using plugins might introduce some boilerplate code for setting up specific features.

• Focus on Enterprise Needs: Hapi.js might be overkill for very small or simple projects, as it's geared more towards larger-scale applications.

When to Use Hapi.js:

• Enterprise-Level Applications.
• Security-Critical Projects.
• Projects with Specific Feature Needs.
• Teams Familiar with Node.js.

Code Example:

const Hapi = require('@hapi/hapi');

const init = async () => {
  const server = Hapi.server({
    port: 3000,
    host: 'localhost'
  });

  server.route({
    method: 'GET',
    path: '/',
    handler: (request, h) => {
      return 'Hello from Hapi.js!';
    }
  });

  await server.start();
  console.log('Server running on %s', server.info.uri);
};

process.on('unhandledRejection', (err) => {
  console.log(err);
  process.exit(1);
});

init();

This example demonstrates a basic Hapi.js server that responds with "Hello from Hapi.js!" to a GET request on the root path.

Meteor.js

Meteor.js is an open-source, full-stack JavaScript framework for building modern web and mobile applications. It allows developers to use JavaScript on both the front-end (client-side) and back-end (server-side) of an application.

Core Features:

• Full-Stack JavaScript: Meteor.js allows you to use JavaScript on both the client-side (browser) and server-side (Node.js).

• Data on the Wire: Unlike traditional frameworks where HTML is sent from the server, Meteor.js sends only the necessary data. The client-side then renders the UI using that data.

• Reactivity System: Meteor.js provides a built-in reactivity system. When data on the server changes, it automatically updates the UI on all connected clients without requiring manual DOM manipulation.

• Automatic Data Synchronization: Changes made to data on either the client or server are automatically propagated to all connected clients.

• Optional Mobile Development: While primarily focused on web development, Meteor.js offers tools and libraries to build mobile apps for Android and iOS using JavaScript.

Advantages:

• Rapid Prototyping: The full-stack JavaScript approach and built-in features like reactivity streamline the development process, making Meteor.js suitable for rapid prototyping and building MVPs quickly.

• Real-time Applications: The data on the wire approach and reactivity system excel at building real-time applications where data needs to be in sync across all clients.

• Reduced Boilerplate: Meteor.js handles many common tasks like data synchronization and reactivity out of the box, reducing the need for writing boilerplate code.

Drawbacks:

• Limited Ecosystem: Compared to established frameworks like Express.js, Meteor.js has a smaller community and ecosystem of third-party libraries.

• Steeper Learning Curve: The data on the wire approach and reactivity system introduce different paradigms compared to traditional web development. There's a learning curve associated with these concepts.

• Limited Control and Flexibility: Meteor.js can be less flexible than some frameworks in terms of customizing the application architecture.

• Dependency on Meteor Server: Your application relies on the Meteor server for data synchronization and reactivity. This can be a point of failure and requires careful consideration for deployment.

When to Use Meteor.js:

• Real-time Applications.
• Rapid Prototyping & MVPs.
• Single-Language Development (working entirely in JavaScript).

Code Example:

// server.js (server-side)
Meteor.publish('todos', function () {
  return Todos.find();
});

// client.js (client-side)
Meteor.subscribe('todos');

Template.todos.helpers({
  todos() {
    return Todos.find();
  },
});

This simple example demonstrates a messaging application where users can submit messages and see them listed in real-time. It showcases how Meteor.js automatically handles data updates on both the server and client-side.

Sails.js

Sails.js is a Node.js web framework known for its flexible and opinionated approach to building web applications and APIs. It prioritizes developer experience by offering a higher level of abstraction compared to frameworks like Express.js.

Core Features:

• MVC (Model-View-Controller) Pattern: Sails.js helps to organize your application logic into models, views, and controllers.

• WebSockets Integration: Built-in support for WebSockets facilitates real-time communication between the server and client, enabling features like live chat or collaborative editing.

• RESTful API Support: Sails.js simplifies building RESTful APIs by providing automatic route generation and data validation based on your models.

• ORM (Object-Relational Mapper): It includes a built-in ORM (Waterline by default) that allows you to interact with relational databases using JavaScript syntax.

• Customizable Middleware: Sails.js allows you to create custom middleware functions for fine-grained control over request processing.

Advantages:

• Rapid Development: The high-level abstractions and built-in features expedite development for various web applications and APIs.

• Improved Developer Experience: Sails.js aims to simplify web development with conventions, error handling, and a focus on developer productivity.

• Real-time Functionality: WebSockets integration empowers you to build applications that require real-time data updates and interaction.

• Automatic Features: Features like route generation and data validation save development time compared to manually implementing them.

Drawbacks:

• Steeper Learning Curve: The MVC structure and built-in features might require some adaptation for developers accustomed to lower-level frameworks like Express.js.

• Potential for Overengineering: For simple projects, the structure and conventions of Sails.js might introduce unnecessary complexity compared to a more lightweight approach.

• Limited Ecosystem: While Sails.js has a community and ecosystem, it might be smaller compared to highly popular frameworks like Express.js, leading to fewer third-party libraries.

When to Use Sails.js:

• Real-time Applications.
• Rapid Prototyping and Development.
• Structured Development with MVC.

Code Example:

// models/User.js
module.exports = {

  attributes: {
    name: {
      type: 'string',
      required: true
    },
    email: {
      type: 'string',
      email: true,
      unique: true
    }
  }
};

// controllers/UserController.js
module.exports = {

  create: async function (req, res) {
    try {
      const newUser = await User.create(req.body);
      res.json(newUser);
    } catch (err) {
      res.serverError(err);
    }
  }
};

This example demonstrates a basic user model and a controller action for creating a new user. It showcases using the built-in User model and the create action in the controller.

Loopback.js

Loopback.js is an open-source Node.js framework designed to simplify the development of RESTful APIs and microservices. It offers a powerful and versatile toolkit for creating robust backend applications.

Core Features:

• Declarative Model Definition: Loopback.js allows you to define data models declaratively, specifying attributes, relationships, and access control rules, reducing boilerplate code.

• Automatic API Generation: Based on your models, Loopback.js automatically generates a RESTful API with CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete) operations for managing your data.

• Data Persistence: Offers support for various data sources like relational databases (e.g., MySQL, PostgreSQL) and NoSQL databases (e.g., MongoDB) through integration with ORMs (Object-Relational Mappers) and ODM (Object Document Mappers).

• Extensibility and Customization: Loopback.js is extensible, allowing you to customize generated APIs, add custom logic, and integrate with third-party libraries using plugins and extensions.

• Strong API Explorer: Provides a built-in API explorer for testing and interacting with your APIs directly within the framework.

Advantages:

• Rapid API Development: The declarative model definition and automatic API generation significantly accelerate the development of RESTful APIs.

• Improved Developer Experience: The focus on clean code and built-in tools like the API explorer streamline the development process.

• Flexibility and Customization: Offers a balance between ease of use and the ability to customize APIs to meet specific needs through plugins and extensions.

• Multilingual Support: Supports building APIs with TypeScript (Loopback 4) or JavaScript (Loopback 3) based on your preference.

Drawbacks:

• Learning Curve: While aimed at simplifying development, understanding Loopback's conventions and features might require some learning investment.

• Potential for Overengineering: For very simple APIs, Loopback.js might introduce unnecessary overhead compared to a more lightweight framework.

• Maturity (Loopback 4): Loopback 4 is a newer version with ongoing development. Consider its maturity level compared to the more established Loopback 3 if stability is a major concern.

When to Use Loopback.js:

• Rapid API Development.
• Complex Data Models.
• Microservices Architecture.

Code Example (Loopback 3):

// models/Book.js
module.exports = {
  name: 'Book',
  properties: {
    title: {
      type: 'string',
      required: true
    },
    author: {
      type: 'string'
    }
  }
};

// controllers/BookController.js
module.exports = {
  create: async function (req, res) {
    const newBook = await Book.create(req.body);
    res.json(newBook);
  }
};

This example demonstrates a simple book model and a controller action for creating a new book. It showcases defining the model properties and a create action in the controller.

Adonis.js 

Adonis.js is a full-featured, backend web framework built for Node.js with a strong emphasis on developer ergonomics and ease of use. It's designed to be TypeScript-first, offering a type-safe development experience.

Core Features:

• MVC (Model-View-Controller) Pattern: Enforces a structured MVC architecture, organizing your application logic into models, views (optional), and controllers.

• Lucid ORM: Includes a built-in ORM (Object-Relational Mapper) called Lucid, enabling you to interact with relational databases using an expressive JavaScript syntax.

• Authentication and Authorization: Offers built-in support for common authentication and authorization mechanisms, simplifying user management in your applications.

• Testing and Debugging: Provides tools and integrations with testing frameworks like Jest and debugging tools for a smooth development workflow.

• Modular Design: The framework is modular, allowing you to include only the functionalities you need for your project.

Advantages:

• Type-Safe Development (TypeScript): TypeScript integration ensures type safety, leading to fewer runtime errors and improved code maintainability.

• Developer-Friendly Features: Focuses on developer experience with features like built-in testing tools and a clean separation of concerns through MVC.

• Lucid ORM for Databases: The built-in Lucid ORM simplifies interacting with relational databases in your Node.js applications.

• Modular and Extensible: The modular design allows you to customize your application by including only the necessary functionalities.

Drawbacks:

• Learning Curve: The MVC structure, TypeScript focus, and Adonis-specific features might require some learning investment for developers new to the framework.

• Limited Ecosystem (Compared to Express): The community and ecosystem might be smaller compared to highly popular frameworks like Express.js.

• No Official NoSQL Support (Yet): Currently, Adonis.js primarily focuses on relational databases through Lucid ORM. Official NoSQL support might be limited.

When to Use Adonis.js:

• Backend Web Applications.
• Projects with Relational Databases.
• Teams Comfortable with TypeScript.

Code Example:

// app/Http/Controllers/HomeController.ts
import { Controller, Get } from '@ioc:Adonis/Core/Route'

export default class HomeController extends Controller {
  @Get('/')
  public async index() {
    return 'Hello from Adonis.js!'
  }
}

This example demonstrates a simple Adonis.js controller with a Get route on the root path (/). It showcases using the Controller and Get decorators and returning a response.

Fastify 

Fastify is a next-generation Node.js web framework known for its emphasis on performance, flexibility, and developer experience. It offers a minimalist approach that allows you to build various web applications and APIs efficiently.

Core Features:

• High Performance: Fastify boasts exceptional performance, handling a high volume of requests per second due to its efficient architecture and minimal overhead.

• Routing: Define how incoming requests are mapped to handler functions based on HTTP methods (GET, POST, etc.) and URL patterns.

• Plugins and Hooks: Fastify leverages a powerful plugin system and hooks to extend its functionality and customize your application behavior. You can find plugins for various tasks like authentication, validation, logging, and more.

• Schema-Based Validation: While not mandatory, Fastify encourages using JSON Schema to validate request and response data, improving data integrity and streamlining error handling.

• Built-in Error Handling: Fastify provides built-in error handling mechanisms, making it easier to manage errors and return appropriate responses.

Advantages:

• Speed and Performance: Ideal for building highly scalable and performant web applications that need to handle significant traffic.

• Flexibility and Customization: The plugin system and hooks empower you to tailor Fastify to your specific project needs and preferences.

• Developer Experience: Fastify promotes clean code with a focus on asynchronous programming, improving readability and maintainability.

• Minimal Overhead: The lightweight nature of Fastify makes it suitable for smaller projects or microservices where a minimal footprint is desirable.

Drawbacks:

• Steeper Learning Curve (Compared to Express): Compared to Express.js, Fastify's plugin-based approach and focus on hooks might require a slightly steeper learning curve for beginners.

• Potential for Boilerplate: Depending on the plugins you use and the complexity of your application, you might encounter some boilerplate code for setting up functionalities.

• Smaller Community (Compared to Express): While Fastify has a growing community, it might be smaller than that of Express.js, leading to potentially fewer resources and libraries available.

When to Use Fastify:

• Performance-Critical Applications.
• Microservices Architecture.
• Projects Requiring Flexibility.

Code Example:

const fastify = require('fastify');

const app = fastify();

// Define a route for GET requests on the root path ('/')
app.get('/', (req, reply) => {
  reply.send('Hello from Fastify!');
});

// Start the server and listen on port 3000
app.listen(3000, () => {
  console.log('Server listening on port 3000!');
});

This example demonstrates a basic Fastify application that responds with "Hello from Fastify!" to a GET request on the root path. It showcases defining a route and sending a response using reply.send().

Here is the table of Node.js framework comparison:

Key Factors to Consider When Choosing A Node.js Framework

Project Characteristics

• Complexity: Simpler projects might benefit from Express.js or Fastify's flexibility, while complex ones might need Nest.js or Loopback.js for structure.
• Learning Curve: Consider your team's experience. Beginner-friendly options include Express.js and Koa.js, while Nest.js or Adonis.js might require more learning investment.

Development Needs

• Development Speed: Prioritize rapid development? Frameworks like Meteor.js, Sails.js, or Loopback.js offer features that accelerate development.
• Scalability: If handling high traffic is crucial, consider frameworks like Nest.js, Fastify, or Hapi.js, known for their scalability.
• Testability: Choose a framework like Nest.js or Adonis.js with built-in features or strong support for writing unit and integration tests for better code maintainability.

Team and Preferences

• Team Experience: Does your team have strong JavaScript or TypeScript skills? Frameworks like Adonis.js (TypeScript) or Meteor.js (JavaScript) might be a good fit.
• Project Structure: Prefer a more loosely-structured approach (Express.js or Fastify) or a structured MVC pattern (Nest.js or Adonis.js)?

Additional Considerations

• Real-time features: Meteor.js excels in real-time communication for collaborative applications.
• Data Modeling: Loopback.js and Adonis.js offer robust data modeling capabilities.
• Community and Ecosystem: Express.js has the largest community and ecosystem, followed by Nest.js. Consider the availability of libraries and resources for your chosen framework.

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Conclusion

If you choose the appropriate Node.js foundation for your web application, you’ll be well on your way to developing dynamic apps. To what extent you require your web and mobile apps to respond to user input is totally up to you. 

Next, know and understand the scope of the project and choose a structure that meets all of its requirements. You should have a fair assumption of what you want to achieve in the end. Otherwise, you can hire a NodeJS app development company. 

Finally, study the market and determine which platforms your rivals are using to build their apps. The single most important piece of advice to take away from this post, whether you're just starting out or are a seasoned Node.js developer, is to carefully consider all of the aforementioned factors before settling on a framework.

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