MEVN stack includes MongoDB, Express.js, Vue.js, and Node.js, which allows to interactively create full-stack applications using one programming language.

A Comprehensive Guide to MEVN Stack Development | Relia Software

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MEVN Stack: A Complete Guide to Modern Web Development

When testing software, it's successful when all the individual components connect and work as a whole. To achieve that, developers use integration testing - an important step to ensure those connections are smooth, reliable, and ready for use. This blog will explore what integration testing is, its approaches, benefits, and more.&nbsp;
&gt;&gt; Read more: <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/importance-of-software-testing">Exploring the Importance of Software Testing: 5 Key Benefits</a>
<h2 dir="ltr">What is Integration Testing?&nbsp;</h2>
Integration testing is a <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/software-testing-life-cycle">software testing process</a> that checks how individual modules or components of an application work together as a group. Its goal is to find and fix defects in the interactions between these components, such as incorrect data exchanges, API mismatches, or interface issues. Thus, the system is more reliable and seamless.
Integration testing happens after unit testing and before validation testing. It groups modules that are passed <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/what-is-unit-testing">unit testing</a> into larger sets, and applies predefined test cases from the integration test plan to those groups. The output is then passed on for system integration.&nbsp;
<h2 dir="ltr">Integration Testing Example</h2>
You&rsquo;re developing an <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/why-e-commerce-businesses-necessitate-a-mobile-application">e-commerce application</a> with the following modules:
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">User Authentication Module: Handles user login and registration.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Product Catalog Module: Shows product details and categories.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Shopping Cart Module: Lets users add items and view totals.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Payment Gateway Module: Processes payments through third-party services.</li>
</ul>
Test Case: Test if a user can log in, add items to their cart, and successfully complete a payment.
Steps:
<ol>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Log In: The user logs in using valid credentials. This triggers the authentication module, which generates a session token and passes it to other modules.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Add to Cart: The logged-in user picks a product from the catalog, and the product details (e.g., price, ID) are sent to the shopping cart module.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Checkout: The cart calculates the total and sends it to the payment gateway.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Payment: The payment gateway processes the amount and sends back a success or failure response.</li>
</ol>
Expected Outcome:
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">The session token is passed correctly between modules.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Product details are accurately added to the cart.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">The payment gateway processes the correct total amount.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">The payment is processed successfully, and the order is confirmed.</li>
</ul>
Issues Can be Found:
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">&nbsp;The session isn&rsquo;t passed correctly, so the cart doesn&rsquo;t update.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">The product price in the catalog doesn&rsquo;t match the cart total.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">The payment fails because the data sent to the gateway is incomplete.</li>
</ul>
<h2 dir="ltr">Why is Integration Testing Important?</h2>
Although each module is passed ịn unit testing, it&rsquo;s still necessary to do integration tests for the following reasons:
<ul>
<li dir="ltr">Different Coding Styles: Every developer has their own way of writing code. When modules from different developers are combined, these differences can create bugs.&nbsp;</li>
<li dir="ltr">Changes in Requirements: Clients often update their requirements during development. When one module is adjusted to meet new needs, it can affect how it interacts with others. Unit testing often misses these issues.</li>
<li dir="ltr">Problems with Data Transfer: As data moves between modules, it can sometimes get lost, formatted incorrectly, or end up in the wrong place. Integration testing makes sure data flows smoothly between different parts of the system.</li>
<li dir="ltr">Issues with APIs and Third-Party Services: Many systems rely on external APIs or tools. If there&rsquo;s a mismatch in how they exchange data, it can cause errors. Use integration testing to make services work well with the rest of the software.</li>
<li dir="ltr">Unfinished Interfaces or Databases: At the integration stage, some modules might not have fully developed interfaces or complete database connections. This can cause errors when they try to interact.</li>
<li dir="ltr">System-Level Compatibility: Sometimes, a module isn&rsquo;t fully compatible with the overall system setup. Integration testing checks that everything fits into the system as a whole.</li>
<li dir="ltr">Missed Error Handling: Developers plan for certain errors, but they can&rsquo;t predict every issue until the modules are connected. Integration testing helps find unhandled problems and improves error handling across the system.</li>
<li dir="ltr">Hardware-Software Issues: If the software interacts with hardware, there can be problems like incompatible drivers or data not being processed correctly.</li>
</ul>
<h2 dir="ltr">Integration Testing Approaches</h2>
<h3 dir="ltr">Big Bang Integration</h3>
Big Bang Integration integrates all modules or components of a system and tests at once as a single integrated unit. In this approach, integration testing just begins when all individual modules are fully developed.
How It Works:
<ol>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">All the modules are developed independently and then brought together at once.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">After integration, the system is tested as a whole using predefined test cases.</li>
</ol>
Advantages:
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Ideal for smaller systems with fewer modules and their interactions are simple.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Less time is spent on planning or setting up cause all modules are integrated and tested at the same time.</li>
</ul>
Disadvantages
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">It&rsquo;s challenging to define the exact module or interaction causing the problem if the test fails.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">The entire integration process gets delayed if one module is not ready.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Waiting for all modules to be ready means errors are found later, making them harder to fix.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Minor issues in the interface or interactions might be overlooked during testing.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">For big projects with many interconnected modules, this approach often leads to more errors and complexity.</li>
</ul>
<figure class="image align-center"><img src="https://api.reliasoftware.com/uploads/big_bang_integration_5045ad8fdb.webp" alt="Big Bang Integration integrates all modules or components of a system and tests at once " width="689" height="413">
<figcaption>Big Bang Integration integrates all modules or components of a system and tests at once.</figcaption>
</figure>
<h3 dir="ltr">Incremental Integration</h3>
Incremental Integration is a testing approach where modules are integrated and tested in small, logical groups, rather than integrating all modules at once. Here&rsquo;s how it work:
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">2 or more modules that are closely related or interdependent are grouped together.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">These grouped modules are integrated and tested to make sure they work well with each other.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">After the initial group is tested, additional modules are gradually added to the integrated group. Each time new modules are added, the entire integrated system is retested to check for errors or compatibility issues.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">This process ends when all modules in the system have been integrated and successfully tested together.</li>
</ul>
This approach uses stubs and drivers, which are temporary tools that help test modules that aren&rsquo;t fully developed yet:
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Stub: Simulates a module that is called by the module being tested. It provides mock responses without implementing the full logic.&nbsp;</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Driver: Simulates a module that calls the module being tested, sending inputs and triggering functionality to validate its behavior.</li>
</ul>
Advantages:
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Bugs are detected early, thereby reducing the cost and effort.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Testing in small groups is easier to isolate and resolve issues.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Testing can begin as soon as a few modules are ready without delays by waiting for all modules to be completed.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Ideal for complex systems with many interdependent modules.</li>
</ul>
Disadvantages:
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Additional code is required to simulate incomplete modules, leading to longer development time.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Take longer compared to combining all modules at once.</li>
</ul>
Types of Incremental Integration:
<div dir="ltr" align="left">
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 97.2147%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" border="1"><colgroup><col style="width: 17.2225%;" width="115"><col style="width: 27.7782%;" width="163"><col style="width: 28.7058%;" width="177"><col style="width: 26.4801%;" width="169"></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: center;">
Type
</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: center;">
Top-Down Integration
</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: center;">
Bottom-Up Integration
</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: center;">
Hybrid (Sandwich) Integration
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: center;">
Definition
</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
Testing begins with the top-level (parent) modules and moves downward to the lower-level (child) modules.
</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
Testing starts with the lowest-level (child) modules and progresses upward to the top-level (parent) modules.
</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
Combines top-down and bottom-up approaches. Focus on 3 layers: Top (UI), Middle (business logic), and Bottom (database).
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: center;">
How it Works
</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Use stubs to simulate lower-level modules.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Gradually integrate child modules and retest.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Use drivers to mimic higher-level modules.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Incrementally combine higher-level modules and test.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Test top and bottom layers in parallel using stubs and drivers.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Integrate and test the middle layer before final system-wide testing.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: center;">
Pros
</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Tests top-level functions and workflows early.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Focuses on user interface and design first.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Finds issues in backend or low-level modules early.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Ensures strong foundation before testing higher levels.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Finds issues in both high and low layers early.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Works well for layered systems. -&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: center;">
Cons
</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Needs stubs to replace missing lower modules.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Might miss low-level issues early on.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Needs drivers to simulate missing top modules.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">High-level problems might show up later.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" aria-level="1">
Needs both stubs and drivers.&nbsp;
</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Testing multiple parts at once is harder to manage.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">May be costly due to infrastructure setup and maintenance.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<figure class="image align-center"><img src="https://api.reliasoftware.com/uploads/incremental_integration_9641ac5bf1.webp" alt="Types of Incremental Integration" width="787" height="472">
<figcaption>Types of Incremental Integration</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<h2 dir="ltr">How to Implement Integration Testing?</h2>
Before implementing integration testing, make sure all the modules are unit tested. Then, follow these steps:
Review the <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/test-plan-in-software-testing">Test Plan</a>
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Choose testing approach (Top-Down, Bottom-Up, Hybrid, or Big Bang).</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Identify the modules to test and their dependencies.</li>
</ul>
Set Up the Testing Environment
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Prepare the tools, hardware, and software needed for testing.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Create stubs and drivers if needed.</li>
</ul>
Create Test Scenarios and Cases
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Write test scenarios that focus on how the modules interact.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation"><a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/test-case-design-techniques">Make detailed test cases</a> to check data flow, error handling, and connections between modules.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Prepare test scripts if using <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/top-automation-testing-tools">automated tools</a>.</li>
</ul>
Run the Tests
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Combine and test modules step by step based on the plan.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Record any bugs or problems found during testing.</li>
</ul>
Fix and Retest Issues
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" aria-level="1">
Report the issues to developers, have them fixed, and retest to confirm the fixes work.
</li>
</ul>
Test All Scenarios
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" aria-level="1">
Keep testing all the remaining cases to ensure every module interaction is covered.
</li>
</ul>
Do Final System Integration Testing
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" aria-level="1">
Test the fully integrated system to ensure all parts work smoothly together.
</li>
</ul>
&gt;&gt;&nbsp;Read more:
<ul>
<li>Detailed Explanation of 7 <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/software-testing-principles">Software Testing Principles</a></li>
<li><a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/manual-testing-vs-automation-testing">Manual Testing vs Automation Testing</a>: Which is Better?</li>
</ul>
<h2 dir="ltr">Conclusion</h2>
Integration testing is crucial to make all parts of a system work well together. By planning carefully, testing step-by-step, and fixing issues early, it helps create a reliable and smooth-running product. Besides, choosing an integration testing approach also saves time, reduces costs, and improves user experience because problems are all caught before the system is fully deployed.
&gt;&gt;&gt; Follow and Contact <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/">Relia Software</a> for more information!

Integration testing is a software testing process that checks how individual modules or components of an application work together as a group.

What is Integration Testing in Software Engineering? | Relia Software

What is Integration Testing? Example, Approaches, Process

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Off-the-shelf software is ideal for quick, affordable solutions for common tasks, while custom software suits unique processes and long-term scalability.

Off-the-Shelf Software vs Custom Software: Which to Choose? | Relia Software

Off-the-Shelf Software vs Custom Software: Which to Choose?

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Microservices architecture has revolutionized the way software applications are built, offering scalability, resilience, and flexibility to meet the demands of modern businesses. For instance, companies like Amazon have leveraged microservices to deploy new features every 11.7 seconds on average, enabling rapid innovation and enhanced customer experiences.
However, with this paradigm shift comes a set of challenges that require careful design and implementation. In this article, we&rsquo;ll explore the&nbsp;top 10 microservices design patterns that every developer should know to build robust, scalable, and maintainable systems.
<h2>What Are Microservices Design Patterns?</h2>
Microservices design patterns are proven solutions to common challenges in distributed systems. These patterns provide a blueprint for addressing issues such as data consistency, inter-service communication, fault tolerance, and scalability.
Solving these challenges is critical for microservices success as they directly impact the system's reliability, performance, and ability to scale efficiently. By understanding and implementing these patterns, developers can create systems that are both efficient and easy to manage.
<h2>10 Microservices Design Patterns</h2>
<h3>Database Per Service</h3>
One of the fundamental principles of microservices is loose coupling, and the Database Per Service pattern plays a crucial role in achieving this.
What It Is: Each microservice owns its database, ensuring data independence and eliminating the risk of tight coupling between services. However, this approach can also increase data management complexity in large-scale applications, as developers must handle challenges like data synchronization, ensuring consistency across services, and managing multiple database technologies effectively.
Benefits:
<ul>
<li>Independent scalability</li>
<li>Better data security and isolation</li>
<li>Simplified service updates</li>
</ul>
Example: An e-commerce application where the inventory, orders, and user services each have their own databases.
Tip: Choose the database type (SQL, NoSQL, etc.) that best fits the specific requirements of each service.
<figure class="image align-center"><img src="https://api.reliasoftware.com/uploads/database_per_service_pattern_0059913be2.webp" alt="Database Per Service" width="694" height="416">
<figcaption>Database Per Service Pattern (Source: Canva)</figcaption>
</figure>
<h3>API Gateway Pattern</h3>
The API Gateway pattern acts as a single entry point for all client requests, simplifying inter-service communication.
What It Does: It routes requests to the appropriate microservices, handles authentication, and aggregates responses.
Benefits:
<ul>
<li>Simplified client interaction</li>
<li>Enhanced security through centralized authentication</li>
<li>Improved performance via response aggregation</li>
</ul>
Example: Netflix uses an API gateway to handle millions of client requests daily. For more details, check out this <a href="https://netflixtechblog.com/">case study on Netflix's API Gateway implementation</a>.
Pro Tip: Use tools like Kong, AWS API Gateway, or NGINX to implement this pattern efficiently.
<h3>Backend for Frontend (BFF)</h3>
The Backend for Frontend (BFF) pattern addresses the unique requirements of different user interfaces.
<ul>
<li>What It Does: Creates separate backends tailored to specific frontends (e.g., web, mobile).</li>
<li>Benefits:
<ul>
<li>Optimized performance for each interface</li>
<li>Reduced complexity in client-side code</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Example: An online streaming service with custom backends for web browsers and mobile apps.</li>
<li>Why It Matters: BFFs enable developers to provide a seamless user experience across platforms.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Command Query Responsibility Segregation (CQRS)</h3>
The CQRS pattern separates read and write operations into distinct models to enhance scalability and performance.
<ul>
<li>Key Features:
<ul>
<li>Write model: Handles updates and enforces business logic.</li>
<li>Read model: Optimized for query performance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Benefits:
<ul>
<li>Improved performance for read-heavy systems</li>
<li>Scalability for high-load applications</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Example: A social media platform where posting updates (write) and viewing news feeds (read) are handled by separate services.</li>
</ul>
Best Practice: Use event-driven architecture to synchronize read and write models efficiently.
<h3>Event Sourcing</h3>
The Event Sourcing pattern captures all changes to an application's state as a sequence of events.
<ul>
<li>What It Offers:
<ul>
<li>Full audit trail of all state changes</li>
<li>Ability to reconstruct the system&rsquo;s state at any point</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Benefits:
<ul>
<li>Simplifies complex business logic</li>
<li>Supports replay and debugging</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Example: A financial application that records every transaction as an event.</li>
</ul>
Note: Pair this with CQRS for a powerful combination in distributed systems.
<h3>Saga Pattern</h3>
Distributed transactions are a challenge in microservices because they require coordination across multiple services, each with its own database and business logic, making it difficult to maintain atomicity and consistency. The Saga pattern provides a solution by coordinating a sequence of local transactions.
<ul>
<li>How It Works:
<ul>
<li>Choreography: Each service reacts to events from others.</li>
<li>Orchestration: A central controller manages the workflow.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Benefits:
<ul>
<li>Ensures eventual consistency</li>
<li>Avoids bottlenecks associated with two-phase commit protocols</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Example: Processing an online order involving inventory, payment, and shipping services.</li>
</ul>
Pro Tip: Use message brokers like RabbitMQ or Kafka to facilitate event communication.
<figure class="image align-center"><img src="https://api.reliasoftware.com/uploads/saga_pattern_d83c79b568.webp" alt="Saga Pattern" width="663" height="398">
<figcaption>Saga Pattern (Source: Canva)</figcaption>
</figure>
<h3>Sidecar Pattern</h3>
The Sidecar pattern deploys auxiliary components alongside a main service to handle cross-cutting concerns.
<ul>
<li>Common Use Cases:
<ul>
<li>Logging and monitoring</li>
<li>Service discovery</li>
<li>Security features</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Benefits:
<ul>
<li>Simplified service logic</li>
<li>Better reusability and maintainability</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Example: Using Envoy or Istio for service mesh implementations.</li>
</ul>
Insight: Sidecars work well in containerized environments like Kubernetes.
<h3>Circuit Breaker Pattern</h3>
The Circuit Breaker pattern protects your system from cascading failures.
<ul>
<li>How It Works:
<ul>
<li>Detects faults in downstream services</li>
<li>Stops the flow of requests to failing services</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Benefits:
<ul>
<li>Improves system resilience</li>
<li>Prevents resource exhaustion</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Example: An e-commerce site that disables the recommendation engine if it becomes unresponsive.</li>
</ul>
Tip: Use libraries like Hystrix or Resilience4j to implement this pattern.
<h3>Anti-Corruption Layer</h3>
The Anti-Corruption Layer prevents undesirable dependencies between new microservices and legacy systems.
<ul>
<li>How It Helps:
<ul>
<li>Acts as a translator or adapter</li>
<li>Preserves the integrity of the new system</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Benefits:
<ul>
<li>Minimizes technical debt</li>
<li>Enables smooth migration to modern architectures</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Example: Introducing a new CRM service while still interacting with an old ERP system.</li>
</ul>
Pro Tip: Invest in robust API design for the anti-corruption layer.
<h3>Aggregator Pattern</h3>
The Aggregator pattern combines responses from multiple microservices into a single response for the client.
<ul>
<li>Why It&rsquo;s Useful:
<ul>
<li>Reduces the number of client requests</li>
<li>Simplifies client logic</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Benefits:
<ul>
<li>Improves performance</li>
<li>Enhances user experience</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Example: A travel booking site that aggregates hotel, flight, and car rental information.</li>
</ul>
Best Practice: Pair this pattern with an API Gateway for optimal performance.
<h2>Conclusion</h2>
Understanding and implementing these microservices design patterns can significantly enhance the quality of your distributed systems. By addressing common challenges such as scalability, fault tolerance, and data consistency, these patterns help you build applications that are robust, maintainable, and ready to scale with your business needs.
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&gt;&gt;&gt; Follow and Contact&nbsp;<a href="https://reliasoftware.com/">Relia Software</a> for more information!
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10 Microservices Design Patterns are: Database Per Service, API Gateway Pattern, Backend for Frontend (BFF), Command Query Responsibility Segregation (CQRS),...

Top 10 Microservices Design Patterns Developers Should Know | Relia Software

Top 10 Microservices Design Patterns Developers Should Know

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Define business goals and TA, choose app type, design UX/UI, develop core features, implement monetization strategies, etc, are steps in fitness app development progress.

In-depth Guide To Fitness App Development For Businesses| Relia Software

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In-depth Guide To Fitness App Development For Businesses 2025

In the digital age, where information flows freely and rapidly, the need for secure and transparent systems is more important than ever. Fortunately, blockchain technology appears to be a game-changing answer. It provides a new way to manage data and process transactions securely. In this blog, let's explore together what blockchain is and how it&rsquo;s transforming the way we handle data. 
<h2 dir="ltr">What is Blockchain?</h2>
Blockchain is a decentralized, immutable digital ledger that records transactions across many computers. This distributed system ensures transparency, security, and trust in a wide range of applications.&nbsp;
Unlike traditional systems, blockchain eliminates the need for intermediaries, empowering individuals and organizations to interact directly and securely.
<h2 dir="ltr">Understanding Blockchain Fundamentals</h2>
To fully understand blockchain, we need to get familiar with its fundamentals, which will shape how we code and architect our smart contract applications. Start with the 2 most well-known blockchains: Bitcoin and Ethereum. 
<h3 dir="ltr">Bitcoin &ndash; The Pioneer of Blockchain</h3>
<blockquote>
Bitcoin is a decentralized digital currency, operating on a peer-to-peer network without the need for intermediaries like banks.
</blockquote>
You've likely heard of Bitcoin, one of the earliest applications of blockchain technology. Introduced by the pseudonymous Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008, Bitcoin revolutionized peer-to-peer transactions by enabling decentralized, censorship-resistant finance powered by cryptography. Like gold, its scarcity made many people consider it as a superior store of value. This digital gold can be bought, sold, and traded like any other asset. Bitcoin's success was just the beginning. Its breakthrough motivated others to explore how blockchain could be used for even more applications.
<figure class="image align-center"><img src="https://api.reliasoftware.com/uploads/what_is_bitcoin_35e8457796.webp" alt="Bitcoin &ndash; The Pioneer of Blockchain" width="789" height="473">
<figcaption>Bitcoin &ndash; The Pioneer of Blockchain (Source: Canva)</figcaption>
</figure>
<h3>Ethereum &ndash; The Next Generation of Blockchain</h3>
<blockquote>
Ethereum is an open-source, decentralized blockchain platform that enables developers to build and deploy smart contracts and decentralized applications (dApps).
</blockquote>
Vitalik Buterin published a whitepaper outlining Ethereum, a new protocol that leveraged blockchain technology. Unlike Bitcoin, Ethereum introduced a groundbreaking feature: smart contracts. In 2015, Buterin and his co-founders launched the Ethereum project, enabling developers to build decentralized applications (dApps), decentralized organizations (DAOs), and smart contracts.&nbsp;
This innovative approach eliminated the need for third-party intermediaries or centralized authorities, empowering users to engage in peer-to-peer agreements directly on the blockchain. Essentially, Ethereum took the core principles of Bitcoin and expanded them to create a more versatile and programmable platform.
<figure class="image align-center"><img src="https://api.reliasoftware.com/uploads/what_is_ethereum_c784b7ec74.webp" alt="What is Ethereum?" width="801" height="481">
<figcaption>Ethereum &ndash; The Next Generation of Blockchain (Source: Canva)</figcaption>
</figure>
<h3 dir="ltr">Smart contracts - Bitcoin vs Ethereum</h3>
Ethereum introduced a new feature - smart contract living in blockchain. What is really a smart contract? Why does it open lots of blockchain developments?
In reality, the concept of smart contracts wasn't entirely new. As early as 1994, Nick Szabo proposed the idea of self-executing contracts. These contracts, written in code and deployed on a blockchain, eliminate the need for intermediaries. Unlike traditional contracts, which rely on paper or digital documents and human enforcement, smart contracts are automatically executed by the blockchain network itself.
Ethereum, in particular, embraced smart contracts as a core feature, differentiating it from Bitcoin. While Bitcoin does support basic scripting capabilities, Ethereum's Turing-completeness allows for far more complex and versatile smart contracts. This intentional design choice reflects the different visions of the two projects: Bitcoin as a digital asset, and Ethereum as a platform for building decentralized applications.
Smart contracts are poised to revolutionize numerous industries, enabling trustless and transparent interactions between parties without the need for intermediaries.
<figure class="image align-center"><img src="https://api.reliasoftware.com/uploads/smart_contracts_bitcoin_vs_ethereum_9eda65d2cd.webp" alt="Smart contracts - Bitcoin vs Ethereum" width="805" height="483">
<figcaption>Smart contracts - Bitcoin vs Ethereum (Source: Canva)</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2 dir="ltr">The Oracle Problem and Hybrid Smart Contracts</h2>
<h3 dir="ltr">Oracle Problem</h3>
Blockchains are powerful tools, but they suffer from a significant limitation known as the Oracle Problem. Blockchains are deterministic systems, meaning they operate on a predefined set of rules and can only process information that's already on the chain. This closed-loop nature prevents them from directly accessing real-world data and executing external computations.
For smart contracts to function effectively and interact with the real world, they need a reliable source of external information. This is where oracles come into play. Oracles are systems that bridge the gap between blockchains and the real world. They provide real-world data and execute computations off-chain, then report the results back to the blockchain. By doing so, oracles enable smart contracts to make informed decisions based on real-world events.
To be more obvious, the Oracle problem prevents blockchains connecting directly to the world via 3-rd APIs.
But, Oracle cannot be centralized. Its data must be reliable and consistent.
So, Oracle would be decentralized as well and only offer data with origin proofs. Our blockchains now can trust these Oracles.
<h3 dir="ltr">Hybrid Smart Contract</h3>
Smart contracts that combine the power of on-chain logic and off-chain data are called Hybrid smart contracts.
Hybrid smart contract = Smart contract + off-chain components
The following keywords can be interchangeable: Smart contract application, Decentralized application, Decentralized protocol, and dApp.
<h3>Chainlink</h3>
Chainlink is a popular decentralized oracle network that empowers smart contracts to interact with the real world. By providing reliable and secure access to external data and computation, Chainlink enables hybrid smart contracts to function effectively.
Key Benefits of Chainlink:
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" aria-level="1">
Data Feeds: Access real-world data from various sources, including financial markets, weather conditions, and sports scores.
</li>
<li dir="ltr" aria-level="1">
Randomness: Generate verifiable random numbers for fair and transparent outcomes in games, lotteries, and other applications.
</li>
<li dir="ltr" aria-level="1">
External Computation: Execute complex computations off-chain, reducing gas fees and improving performance.
</li>
<li dir="ltr" aria-level="1">
Customizable Oracles: Build custom oracles to meet specific needs, allowing for greater flexibility and innovation.
</li>
</ul>
By leveraging Chainlink, developers can create more sophisticated and powerful dApps that can adapt to real-world events and deliver innovative solutions.
<h2 dir="ltr">Summary</h2>
We've explored the fundamental concepts of blockchain and smart contracts, starting with Bitcoin, the pioneering cryptocurrency. Bitcoin, often referred to as "digital gold," introduced the idea of decentralized, peer-to-peer transactions.
Ethereum, however, took blockchain technology to the next level by enabling the creation of smart contracts. These self-executing contracts, written in code, automate agreements and interactions, opening up a world of possibilities for decentralized applications (dApps).
To bridge the gap between the blockchain and the real world, oracles like Chainlink are crucial. They provide real-world data and computation to smart contracts, allowing them to interact with external systems and make informed decisions.
Hybrid smart contracts, which combine on-chain logic with off-chain data and computation, are becoming increasingly prevalent in the blockchain ecosystem. They empower developers to build more sophisticated and versatile dApps, driving innovation and reshaping industries.
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&gt;&gt;&gt; Follow and Contact&nbsp;<a href="https://reliasoftware.com/">Relia Software</a> for more information!
</div>

Blockchain is a decentralized, immutable digital ledger that records transactions across many computers, ensuring transparency, security, and trust in many applications.

What is Blockchain Technology? Blockchain Fundamentals Explained | Relia Software

What is Blockchain Technology? Blockchain Fundamentals Explained

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gRPC with Go provides a type-safe way to build distributed systems. Go's concurrency support and performance features are ideal for implementing gRPC services.

A Complete Guide to Implement Golang gRPC with Example | Relia Software

A Complete Guide to Implement Golang gRPC with Example

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 A Complete Guide to Implement gRPC using Golang with Example

Recently shopping has not only been the activity of buying items at shops anymore. Technology now enhances your shopping experience, tracking your journey from the moment you enter the store, through your order placement, to the final delivery. These technologies improve the quality of consumer shopping experiences.
In 2025, some specific trends in technology are expected to define the retail industry. This article will discuss 9 popular retail tech trends, along with some examples. Based on the information read in this blog, you can learn how the retail world is going and prepare for your business.
<h2 dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">Personalized Shopping with AI</h2>
Modern consumers want a shopping experience, not just shopping. A Deloitte Digital study found that 69% of shoppers will buy from brands that personalize their purchase process. To meet this customer demand, retailers have recently used <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/artificial-intelligence-in-mobile-app-development">artificial intelligence (AI)</a> to improve shopping experiences.
How does AI achieve this personalization?
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Product Recommendations: AI uses customers' browsing and purchasing history to recommend suitable products. It looks like a virtual personal shopper that understands exactly what you want.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Custom Ads: This ensures the promotions you see are relevant to your needs and more likely to grab your attention.</li>
</ul>
When you buy a new phone at Amazon, they usually suggest suitable phone cases, chargers, screen guards, or similar products &ndash; all from the same brand or segment to your product. This makes it possible for a customer to look for products that are related to one they just bought.
<figure class="image align-center"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://api.reliasoftware.com/uploads/personalized_shopping_with_ai_db196f279b.webp" alt="personalized shopping with AI" width="760" height="380">
<figcaption>Modern shoppers want more than just shopping&mdash;they want a personalized experience.</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2 dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">Demand Forecasting By AI &amp; ML</h2>
Nowadays, retailers can no longer rely on their own judgment, and past sales to identify future trends and positive items. Artificial intelligence and&nbsp;<a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/machine-learning-in-software-testing">machine learning</a> can provide demand forecasting innovations better. These technologies use sales, climate, and social media data to predict buyer preferences so that the result can be highly correct.
In detail, this technology allows retailers to:
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Optimize Inventory: Avoid stockouts and waste by stocking the appropriate products at the right time.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Lower Costs: Inventory management decreases storage costs and losses from unsold goods.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Increase Efficiency: Streamline the supply chain to ensure on-time delivery.</li>
</ul>
The impact is significant. According to McKinsey Digital, AI-enhanced forecasting reduces errors in supply chain networks by 30 to 50%. This increased accuracy leads to a substantial drop &ndash; up to 65% &ndash; in lost sales due to out-of-stock situations.
<figure class="image align-center"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://api.reliasoftware.com/uploads/demand_forecasting_by_ai_ml_d990fd4a8b.webp" alt="demand forecast AI" width="778" height="389">
<figcaption>Demand forecasting is improving with the help of AI and ML.</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2 dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">Omnichannel Retailing</h2>
Omnichannel technology in retail stores creates a seamless shopping experience by connecting online and offline interactions. Customers can enjoy a consistent journey across touchpoints, whether browsing products online, checking in-store availability, or choosing home delivery or in-store pickup.
This technology includes:
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Real-Time Inventory Updates: Customers always know what's in stock and where by synchronizing local and online inventories.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Integrated Customer Data: Data analytics and AI help retailers personalize recommendations and interactions on websites, mobile apps, and in stores.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Convenient Purchase Options: &ldquo;Buy Online, Pick Up In Store&rdquo; (BOPIS) and curbside pickup methods make purchasing easier and faster.</li>
</ul>
Walmart and Target are firms benefiting from omnichannel strategy. They let people shop seamlessly across <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/mobile-app-development-frameworks">mobile apps</a>, <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/website-development-process">websites</a>, and shops. For example, you could add your favorite items on your phone during your commute to the cart and then seamlessly complete your purchase in-store later that day. That's omnichannel excellence!
<figure class="image align-center"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://api.reliasoftware.com/uploads/omnichannel_retailing_38a0e92c1f.webp" alt="omnichannel retailing" width="792" height="396">
<figcaption>Omnichannel technology in retail stores creates a seamless shopping experience by connecting online and offline interactions.</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2 dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">Virtual Try-Ons with AR</h2>
In the COVID-19 period, when physical stores closed or opened limitedly, virtual try-ons emerged as a solution to let customers know how the products look or fit in real life. For instance, you can visualize a sofa in your living room through your smartphone or try makeup digitally to find your ideal shade. This eliminates the uncertainty of buying products online since the customers are known with better information.
According to the Virtual Try-On Technology Global Market Report, this technology market is growing exponentially to reach $9.59 billion in 2024, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 26.6%. This growth is rising consumer interest in personalized, contactless shopping experiences.&nbsp;
&gt;&gt; Read more: A Guide To <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/ar-vr-app-development">AR &amp; VR App Development</a> For Businesses
<figure class="image align-center"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://api.reliasoftware.com/uploads/virtual_try_ons_ar_6530d28f16.webp" alt="virtual try-ons AR" width="772" height="386">
<figcaption>Virtual try-ons emerged as a solution to let customers know how the products look or fit in real life.</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2 dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">Smart Shelves and Inventory with IoT</h2>
Smart shelves are changing retail inventory management using the Internet of Things (IoT). These smart shelves track stock levels in real time to ensure that products are always available for customers.&nbsp;
When stock gets low, alerts are sent to store staff so that items can be restocked quickly. This prevents sales from being lost and makes the customer experience better. This technology not only improves the customer experience but also helps Walmart optimize their supply chain and reduce operational costs.
&gt;&gt; Read more:
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li dir="ltr" style="font-style: italic;" role="presentation"><a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/iot-app-development">IoT App Development</a>: How To Create An IoT Application?</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="font-style: italic;" role="presentation">10 Best <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/iot-app-development-companies">IoT App Development Companies</a> in Vietnam</li>
</ul>
<figure class="image align-center"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://api.reliasoftware.com/uploads/smart_shelves_inventory_with_iot_e530253ff5.webp" alt="smart shelves and inventory with IoT" width="778" height="389">
<figcaption>Smart shelves are changing retail inventory management using the Internet of Things (IoT).</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2 dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">Digital Price Tags</h2>
ESL and IoT-backed digital price tags are the future of price management for products across the retail sector. These electronic tags are flexible and efficient because they can be reprogrammed remotely and in real-time, thereby minimizing staff involvement in managing the shelf product prices.
Outstanding benefits of digital price tags include:
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Instant Price Changes: Retailers can instantly modify prices across all locations to adapt to market changes and rival pricing.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Improved Accuracy and Efficiency: Automation reduces human error and time spent on manual price changes.</li>
</ul>
&nbsp;
<figure class="image align-center"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://api.reliasoftware.com/uploads/digital_price_tags_1e6732e43a.webp" alt="digital price tags" width="774" height="387">
<figcaption>ESL and IoT-backed digital price tags are the future of price management for products across the retail sector.</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2 dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">Blockchain for Transparent Supply Chains</h2>
Supply chains are complex networks where companies collaborate to add value to products or services before reaching the end consumer. Blockchain enables seamless data exchange and validation across these networks. In other words, blockchain is finding a new way in retail innovations: creating transparent and secure supply chains.
Using IoT and AI, the blockchain can store real-time product location and sensor condition data. For example, some global retailers are using blockchain technology to track fresh produce from farm to shop in seconds. This traceability speeds up contamination source detection, improving safety and consumer trust.
&gt;&gt; Read more:
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li dir="ltr" style="font-style: italic;" role="presentation">Top 6 Best <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/best-supply-chain-management-software">Supply Chain Management Software</a></li>
<li dir="ltr" style="font-style: italic;" role="presentation"><a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/no-code-and-low-code-solutions-in-logistics-and-supply-chain">No-Code And Low-Code Solutions In Logistics And Supply Chain</a></li>
<li dir="ltr" style="font-style: italic;" role="presentation">An Ultimate Guide for <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/things-to-know-about-logistics-app-development">Logistics App Development</a></li>
</ul>
<figure class="image align-center"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://api.reliasoftware.com/uploads/blockchain_for_supply_chains_83d9c3b31f.webp" alt="blockchain for supplychains" width="788" height="394">
<figcaption>Blockchain enables seamless data exchange and validation across these networks.</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2 dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">Advanced Payment Options</h2>
Thanks to payment technology, consumers can complete purchases faster, safer, and easier. To effectively attract cashless shoppers, merchants must utilize mobile payments. PwC Research on Cashless Payments shows that the global volume and frequency of such payments have steadily increased, meeting the 2025 projection of 80% growth. Customers of all ages are utilizing &lsquo;touchless&rsquo; payment methods like Apple Pay and Google Pay.
<figure class="image align-center"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://api.reliasoftware.com/uploads/advanced_payment_options_ef546006a3.webp" alt="advanced payment options" width="798" height="399">
<figcaption>Retailers increasingly adopt biometric payments and mobile wallets to create seamless checkout experiences.</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2 dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">Voice E-commerce</h2>
Voice shopping is quickly becoming a useful way to buy things. Voice assistants for mobile apps like Alexa, Google Assistant, and Siri are used to make smooth purchases. Meanwhile, NLP and speech recognition innovations make interactions easier with this breakthrough.&nbsp;
This tech trend makes it convenient for customers to save time for locating a certain product or typing. According to Statistics, it shows that 22% of consumers make direct purchases using voice assistants, and 71% prefer voice commands for online searches.
<figure class="image align-center"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://api.reliasoftware.com/uploads/voice_ecommerce_f5fd44e4db.webp" alt="voice ecommerce" width="782" height="391">
<figcaption>Voice assistants for mobile apps like Alexa, Google Assistant, and Siri are used to make smooth purchases.</figcaption>
</figure>
&gt;&gt; Read more:
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li dir="ltr" style="font-style: italic;" role="presentation">Top <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/mobile-app-development-trends">Mobile App Development Trends</a> for 2025</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="font-style: italic;" role="presentation">6 <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/healthcare-technology-trends">Healthcare Technology Trends</a> and Innovations 2025</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="font-style: italic;" role="presentation">Top <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/front-end-technologies">Frontend Technologies</a> and Development Trends in 2025</li>
</ul>
<h2 dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">Conclusion</h2>
Technology is going to remain very significant in the retail industry. Such retail tech trends as personalized AI, blockchain, etc., are foundations of how people will go shopping in the future. The application of these technologies should enable organizations to operate more effectively and thereby foster long-term customer confidence in a dynamic market.&nbsp;
&gt;&gt;&gt; Follow and Contact <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/">Relia Software</a> for more information!

Personalized shopping, AI-powered demand forecasting, omnichannel, virtual try-ons, smart shelves, digital price tags, etc. are 9 retail technology trends 2025.

9 Popular Retail Tech Trends For Businesses 2025| Relia Software

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9 Retail Tech Trends For Businesses In 2025

KMS Technology, Kyanon Digital, Relia Software, Newwave Solution, InApps Technology, Enlab, Axon Active, and Elinext are the best C++ development companies in Vietnam

Top 9 C++ Development Companies in Vietnam | Relia Software

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9 Popular C++ Development Companies in Vietnam

Are you seeking innovative healthcare treatment for yourselves and your family? As modern technology develops, investing in medical technology innovations becomes more essential for businesses to be competitive in this industry. These innovations can improve human healthcare, helping to raise general social living standards.
This post will discuss 6 popular healthcare technology trends that are shaping the future of the healthcare industry. After reading, you can have an overview of how the healthcare industry operates and changes recently, facilitating your decision in medical investment.
&gt;&gt; You may interested in:
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li dir="ltr" style="font-style: italic;" role="presentation">Top 8 <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/healthcare-app">Healthcare Apps</a> For Patients &amp; Clinics</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="font-style: italic;" role="presentation">Top 10 <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/healthcare-software-development-company">Healthcare Software Development Companies</a> in Vietnam</li>
</ul>
<h2 dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">AI &amp; ML</h2>
<a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/artificial-intelligence-in-mobile-app-development">Artificial Intelligence</a> (AI) and <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/machine-learning-solutions">Machine Learning</a> (ML) are useful for processing massive medical data volumes in real time. These technologies can help doctors monitor patients, diagnose faster, and shorten treatment time.&nbsp;
Application
AI-powered diagnostic platforms are typical examples of applying AI in medical services. These platforms use complex algorithms to interpret medical analytics, including images and laboratory results. A South Korean study analyzed the use of AI in detecting potential diseases. It showed that AI has a 90% sensitivity for breast cancer and 91% for early-stage cancer, making it possible for doctors to diagnose the condition early for on-time treatment. (<a href="https://bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12909-023-04698-z" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Source</a>)
Key Features
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">EHR Integration: Integrate with electronic health records to optimize operations for delivering patient information to healthcare providers.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Real-Time Alerts: Alerts critical conditions timely, allowing immediate intervention for serious cases.</li>
</ul>
However, healthcare expertise still needs accuracy in the results delivered. AI &amp; ML must be trained before execution, biased data used in training can be a real threat to patient safety due to wrong diagnoses. To apply this technology successfully, businesses need to ensure the quality and accuracy of training data.
<figure class="image align-center"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://api.reliasoftware.com/uploads/aiml_in_healthcare_a387048cf1.webp" alt="AI &amp; ML in healthcare" width="776" height="365">
<figcaption>Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) are useful for processing massive medical data volumes in real time. (Source: Internet)</figcaption>
</figure>
&gt;&gt; Read more:&nbsp;
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li dir="ltr" style="font-style: italic;" role="presentation">Top 10+ Best <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/ai-development-tools">AI Development Tools</a> for Software Developers</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="font-style: italic;" role="presentation">Top 9 Best <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/deep-learning-frameworks">Deep Learning Frameworks</a> for Developers</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="font-style: italic;" role="presentation"><a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/which-case-would-benefit-from-explainable-ai-principles">Which Case Would Benefit from Explainable AI Principles</a>?</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="font-style: italic;" role="presentation">Top 17 <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/best-ai-apps">Best AI Apps</a> For Individuals and Businesses</li>
</ul>
<h2 dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">Telemedicine</h2>
Telemedicine contributes to connecting patients to healthcare centers for the provision of healthcare services to those in rural or hard-to-reach areas. It was embraced during the COVID-19 pandemic when healthcare organizations globally implemented solutions to address customer needs.&nbsp;
As pointed out by the UN, there is 76% of hospitals worldwide practice telemedicine. The number of surgeries conducted through telemedicine also increased from 0.25% in 2019 to 64.6% in 2020. Such fast-forward popularity proves telemedicine is a sustainable and innovative element of contemporary medicine.
Application
Remote patient monitoring systems, a type of telemedicine, can monitor and collect real-time information about patients&rsquo; health, such as heart rate, blood sugar levels, etc., through wirelessly connected devices. This helps identify early signs that demand intervention, minimize hospitalization time, and provide better care when the patient is home.
Key Features
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Wearable Sensors: Supervise parameters such as blood pressure or oxygen level and transmit the information to the data network.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Automated Alerts: Alert doctors whenever the readings go up or down outside their normal ranges to avoid late treatment.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Data Visualization Dashboards: Stored collected data in a format that makes it easy to read when making a quick decision.</li>
</ul>
Telemedicine is convenient, but it can not ensure the quality of health services when diagnosed from far away. The lack of direct interaction with the patient may reduce the quality of care. To lower these risks and make sure telemedicine provides safe and fair healthcare, it needs to be properly regulated and supervised.
<figure class="image align-center"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://api.reliasoftware.com/uploads/telemedicine_03a839ee96.webp" alt="Telemedicine" width="735" height="438">
<figcaption>Telemedicine was embraced during the COVID-19 pandemic when healthcare organizations globally implemented solutions to address customer needs. (Source: Internet)</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2 dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">Internet of Medical Things (IoMT)</h2>
IoMT links medical devices and healthcare systems via the internet to exchange real-time, continual, and accurate data. It enables remote patient monitoring and improves disease identification at early stages. That supports faster and more proactive delivery of healthcare services to customers.&nbsp;
Application
Connected wearable devices, part of the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) trend, are devices that monitor health indicators such as heart rate, sleep duration, and physical activity. A recent study reports that the market for wearable medical electronic devices will be worth $41.8 billion in 2024 and $86.2 billion by 2029. These devices rely on sensor data acquisition, which can then be processed by health applications or other medical providers.
Key Features
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Embedded Sensors: Record promptly measurable data such as the number of steps or heart rate for ongoing monitoring.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Bluetooth Connectivity: Connect with smartphones or any other device for instant response and good advice.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Health Data Sharing: Share details safely with doctors for near and distant surveillance and management.</li>
</ul>
However, IoMT technologies are exposed to security threats that can lead to the leak of critical health information through connectivity with the internet. Moreover, a lack of similarities in the type of devices or platforms being integrated could also hinder device integration. Businesses have to ensure their devices are well-integrated with each other for smooth patient monitoring and examination.
<figure class="image align-center"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://api.reliasoftware.com/uploads/Io_MT_da08b145d0.webp" alt="IoMT" width="660" height="371">
<figcaption>IoMT links medical devices and healthcare systems via the internet to exchange real-time, continual, and accurate data. (Source: Internet)</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2 dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">Robotics</h2>
Robotics in healthcare refers to using robots and automation technologies to improve medical services. These technologies save recovery time and perform repetitive or physically demanding activities, supporting healthcare professionals in their work.
Application
Robotic process automation (RPA) automates repetitive tasks such as creating appointments or processing claims. It helps healthcare staff avoid wasting time on numerous administrative tasks to focus on attending to patients. RPA is cost-saving too. According to some sources, RPA can lower transactional costs in shared services by 30-50%.
Key Features
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Task Automation: Automates usual repetitive operations like billing or data entry with no need for human input.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">System Integration: Integrates smoothly into current hospital management systems, improving total effectiveness.</li>
</ul>
Healthcare robots increase productivity in medical services, but more dependencies on robotic technologies may reduce human supervision, leading to medical or administrative mistakes. It requires tight and precise training processes to minimize these mistakes at least. Businesses may need to partnerships with educational institutions and standardized certifications to develop quality training.
<figure class="image align-center"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://api.reliasoftware.com/uploads/robotics_automation_in_healthcare_783414f213.webp" alt="robotics automation in healthcare" width="678" height="381">
<figcaption>Robotics in healthcare refers to using robots and automation technologies to improve medical services. (Source: Internet)</figcaption>
</figure>
&gt;&gt; Read more: Key <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/benefits-of-healthcare-automation-systems">Benefits of Healthcare Automation Systems</a>
<h2 dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">Blockchain Technology</h2>
Blockchain technology offers a secure platform for connecting and recording transactions in various channels. It allows the sharing of patient records information while ensuring the privacy and accuracy of the records in healthcare. This technology will ensure that every transaction is immutable, minimizing fraud and increasing people&rsquo;s confidence in and trust in the healthcare system.
Application
Blockchain technology is often used to provide security for electronic health records (EHRs). EHRs are the computerized version of patients&rsquo; paper-based clinical histories. It was stated that more than 11.5 billion medical records have been stolen or damaged since 2005. By using blockchain, patient data is encrypted and then sent to different locations, minimizing unsecured access to privacy information.
Key Features
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Data Immutability: Avoids the ability to change or modify records, offering a credible record information source.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Decentralized Storage: Reduces the danger of a single failure point that exposes extensive data losses.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Auditability: Offers users and auditors a trace of all data access and changes with full accountability.</li>
</ul>
However, many transactions will slow down the whole blockchain process. The absence of standardized regulations and compatibility are other obstacles to adopting blockchain in healthcare. Such limitations require businesses to have careful integration implementation, balancing the benefits and issues that may emanate from the process.
<figure class="image align-center"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://api.reliasoftware.com/uploads/blockchain_in_healthcare_2edf1c41ec.webp" alt="blockchain in healthcare" width="573" height="396">
<figcaption>Blockchain technology is often used to provide security for electronic health records (EHRs). (Source: Internet)</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2 dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">AR/VR and Digital Twins</h2>
AR/VR is the immersive technology that develops digital spaces built in real environments, while digital twins create virtual models of tangible things like a human body or an organ. In the healthcare industry, these technologies facilitate training, better treatment planning, and patient engagement.
&gt;&gt; Read more: A Guide To <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/ar-vr-app-development">AR &amp; VR App Development</a> For Businesses
Application
VR technology allows immersive simulations to be generated as part of VR-based training modules where learners or professionals could practice procedures and emergency reactions in realistic scenarios. These courses improve medical training, ensuring healthcare workers are ready for real-world challenges.
Key Features
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Immersive Simulations: Builds realistic situations in medicine for emulation purposes to enhance real-life skills.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Performance Feedback: Monitors and gives the results with steps on how the performance should be improved.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Scenario Customization: Adapts the training sessions to certain fields, such as surgical or emergency health.</li>
</ul>
AR/VR and digital twins still have technical barriers, such as needing expertise and advanced hardware. Additionally, a simulation created by AR/VR can not ensure practicality, over-reliance on simulations may reduce the hands-on experience of doctors. Healthcare businesses must balance the training by combining simulations with hands-on practice to maintain essential skills for service providers.
<figure class="image align-center"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://api.reliasoftware.com/uploads/medical_vr_training_3fffcbfcbd.webp" alt="medical VR training" width="782" height="442">
<figcaption>VR technology allows immersive simulations to be generated as part of VR-based training modules. (Source: Internet)</figcaption>
</figure>
&gt;&gt; Read more:
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li dir="ltr" style="font-style: italic;" role="presentation">A Detailed Breakdown For <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/healthcare-software-development">Healthcare Software Development</a></li>
<li dir="ltr" style="font-style: italic;" role="presentation"><a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/data-security-in-healthcare-software">Data Security in Healthcare Software</a>: Why Is It Important?</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="font-style: italic;" role="presentation">The Importance Of <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/a-complete-guide-to-digital-transformation-in-healthcare">Digital Transformation in Healthcare</a></li>
<li dir="ltr" style="font-style: italic;" role="presentation"><a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/tips-for-healthcare-ui-design">Tips for Enhancing Healthcare UI Design</a> in Mobile Apps</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="font-style: italic;" role="presentation">Guide to <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/medicine-delivery-app-development">Medicine Delivery App Development</a> For Pharmacy Businesses</li>
</ul>
<h2 dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">Conclusion</h2>
Healthcare technology trends are not only transforming how doctors work in the field but also improving patient care choices. AI, IoMT, AR&amp;VR, digital twins, and nanotechnology are emerging technologies that can positively impact people's lives and healthcare services.&nbsp;
Updating with these trends will help enhance competition and create a patient-friendly healthcare environment. However, businesses must have careful training and supervision to ensure the safety and accuracy of the above technologies while treating patients.
&gt;&gt;&gt; Follow and Contact <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/">Relia Software</a> for more information!

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In software development, quality isn&rsquo;t just about finding and fixing bugs&mdash;it&rsquo;s about building strong processes to prevent issues and meet user expectations. Quality Assurance (QA) and Quality Control (QC) thus become helpful. While often confused, QA and QC have their own roles: QA creates a process to prevent problems, while QC catches and fixes issues in the final product.
In this article, I&rsquo;ll explain the difference between QA and QC, how they help create quality software, and how they work together to keep users happy.
<h2 dir="ltr">What is QA (Quality Assurance)?</h2>
Quality Assurance (QA) is a proactive approach to prevent defects from being introduced during <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/software-development-life-cycle-sdlc">the software development lifecycle</a>. It sets up processes, standards, and guidelines that the whole team understands and follows from the beginning, keeping everything on track.
QA teams start working on a project early on and stay engaged throughout development. They work closely with developers to review requirements, design documents, and code. They also assess risks and do early checks to catch issues before they become bigger problems.
<figure class="image align-center"><img src="https://api.reliasoftware.com/uploads/quality_assurance_96912dfd70.webp" alt="Quality Assurance (QA) is a proactive approach" width="741" height="368">
<figcaption>Quality Assurance (QA) is a proactive approach. (Source: Freepik)</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2 dir="ltr">What is QC (Quality Control)?</h2>
Quality Control (QC) is a reactive approach used to find and fix bugs that might not have been caught during development. QC tests the software to ensure it works as expected and is defects-free.&nbsp;
QC teams usually step in once development is complete, <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/test-case-design-techniques">running test cases</a>, analyzing results, and reporting any issues back to the developers for fixing. They may also run regression tests to make sure new changes don&rsquo;t cause new issues.
<figure class="image align-center"><img src="https://api.reliasoftware.com/uploads/quality_control_75b05a45dd.webp" alt="Quality Control (QC) is a reactive approach" width="728" height="364">
<figcaption>Quality Control (QC) is a reactive approach. (Source: Freepik)</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2 dir="ltr">Key Differences Between QA and QC in Software Testing</h2>
Before diving into the details, this table quickly highlights the main differences between QA and QC:
<div dir="ltr" align="left">
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 89.993%; height: 621.8px;" border="1"><colgroup><col style="width: 21.6553%;" width="141"><col style="width: 39.2515%;" width="244"><col style="width: 39.0557%;" width="239"></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 47.6px;">
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: center; height: 47.6px;">
Aspect
</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: center; height: 47.6px;">
Quality Assurance (QA)
</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: center; height: 47.6px;">
Quality Control (QC)
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 47.6px;">
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: center; height: 47.6px;">
Objective
</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 47.6px; text-align: center;">
Prevent defects
</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 47.6px; text-align: center;">
Find and fix defects
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 47.6px;">
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: center; height: 47.6px;">
Approach
</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 47.6px; text-align: center;">
Proactive (verification)
</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 47.6px; text-align: center;">
Reactive (validation)
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 47.6px;">
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: center; height: 47.6px;">
Focus
</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 47.6px; text-align: center;">
Process improvement
</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 47.6px; text-align: center;">
Product testing
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 47.6px;">
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: center; height: 47.6px;">
Timing
</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 47.6px; text-align: center;">
Throughout SDLC
</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 47.6px; text-align: center;">
After development (STLC)
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 86.8px;">
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: center; height: 86.8px;">
Team Involvement
</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 86.8px;">
Various stakeholders (Project managers, developers, product owner, etc.)
</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 86.8px;">
Testing team, sometimes end-users in acceptance testing.
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 86.8px;">
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: center; height: 86.8px;">
Tasks
</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 86.8px;">
Sets standards, reviews requirements, audits processes, risk assessment
</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 86.8px;">
Executes test cases, analyzes results, reports and retests defects
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 47.6px;">
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: center; height: 47.6px;">
Time Usage
</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 47.6px; text-align: center;">
Ongoing, mainly early stages
</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 47.6px; text-align: center;">
Primarily near project end
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 86.8px;">
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: center; height: 86.8px;">
Tools
</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 86.8px;">
Process and code quality tools (e.g., Jira, SonarQube)
</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 86.8px;">
Testing and defect tracking tools (e.g., Selenium, Postman, Bugzilla)
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 75.8px;">
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: center; height: 75.8px;">
Metrics
</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 75.8px;">
Process efficiency, defect prevention rate, adherence to standards.
</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 75.8px;">
Defect density, test coverage, defect resolution time.
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<h3 dir="ltr">Objective</h3>
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">QA: Prevent defects from arising by building quality into every stage of the development process. Getting rid of problems early on saves a lot of money on fixes later on.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">QC: Find and fix any defects in the final product. It makes sure that the software meets specified requirements, which means it's ready for users.</li>
</ul>
<h3 dir="ltr">Approach&nbsp;</h3>
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">QA: QA is a proactive approach that works to prevent issues before they happen. Instead of waiting for problems, QA sets high standards from the start and verifies each stage meets quality standards.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">QC: QC is a reactive approach that identifies and fixes any defects or gaps that may unexpectedly happen during the process. It validates that the final product meets all requirements, leaving no issues unresolved.</li>
</ul>
&gt;&gt;&nbsp;Read more: <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/difference-between-verification-and-validation">Difference between Verification and Validation in Software Testing</a>
<h3 dir="ltr">Focus</h3>
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">QA: QA focuses on processes, improving how things are done at each stage of development. Its goal is to set up strong quality practices from the start, making sure each step follows set standards.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">QC: QC focuses on the final product, testing the software to check if it meets the required standards. Through testing, QC makes sure the product is what users expect and need.</li>
</ul>
<h3 dir="ltr">Timing</h3>
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">QA: QA starts right from the beginning of the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) and stays with the project through all of its stages&mdash;planning, design, development, and release.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">QC: QC takes place mainly in the <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/software-testing-life-cycle">Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC)</a>, after development is finished. It serves as a final check before release to help the product meet quality standards.</li>
</ul>
<h3 dir="ltr">Team Involvement&nbsp;</h3>
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">QA: QA brings together various stakeholders like project managers, developers, and product owners to set and maintain <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/software-development-standards-and-best-practices">quality standards throughout the development process</a>. Their main focus is to ensure that processes align to deliver consistent quality.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">QC: QC primarily involves the testing team, who are responsible for testing and validating the product. Additionally, end-user feedback may also be included during acceptance testing to confirm that the product meets their expectations.</li>
</ul>
<h3 dir="ltr">Tasks</h3>
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" aria-level="1">
QA Team:
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Set up processes and standards for quality.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Conduct regular audits to ensure quality standards are being followed.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Review requirements and evaluate design documents.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Perform risk analyses to identify potential issues early.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Collaborate with developers to maintain quality from the beginning of the development cycle.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" aria-level="1">
QC Team:
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Run test cases on the finished product to make sure it works.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Analyze test results and track identified defects.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Conduct regression and <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/functional-testing">functional testing</a> to verify performance and reliability.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Report bugs to the development team for fixing.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Re-test fixes to ensure they don't cause any new problems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 dir="ltr">Time Consumption</h3>
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">QA: QA requires time investment throughout the project, but it's most important in the beginning when quality standards and procedures are set. QA cuts down on problems and extra work later in the cycle, but it takes ongoing work.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">QC: QC usually requires time at the end of the development process, focusing on testing the final product. The amount of time needed depends on how complicated the product is and how many bugs there are in it.</li>
</ul>
<h3 dir="ltr">Type of Tools</h3>
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">QA Tools: QA tools support process management, documentation, and static analysis. Common tools include Jira (for tracking), Confluence (for documentation), and SonarQube (for code quality). These tools help the team set and monitor quality practices.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">QC Tools: QC tools are used for testing and tracking defects. Popular tools are Selenium (for <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/automation-testing-functions-tools-cost-and-benefits">automation tests</a>), Postman (for <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/api-testing-tools">API testing</a>), and Bugzilla (for defect tracking). These tools help QC teams make sure the product works and is of good quality.</li>
</ul>
&gt;&gt;&nbsp;You may be interested in:
<ul>
<li>Top 6 <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/top-automation-testing-tools">Automation Testing Tools</a> for Businesses in 2024</li>
<li>Top 7 <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/web-app-security-testing-tools">Web App Security Testing Tools</a> For Developers</li>
<li>Top 7 Best <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/performance-testing-tools">Performance Testing Tools</a> for Developers</li>
</ul>
<h3 dir="ltr">Measurement and Metrics&nbsp;</h3>
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">QA: QA metrics might include process efficiency, adherence to standards, and defect prevention rates. These metrics focus on the effectiveness of processes.&nbsp;</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">QC: QC metrics are often related to the product, such as defect density, test coverage, and time to resolve defects. These <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/product-metrics-in-software-engineering">metrics assess product readiness and quality</a> before release.</li>
</ul>
<figure class="image align-center"><img src="https://api.reliasoftware.com/uploads/difference_between_qa_and_qc_80b2b38e7e.webp" alt="Key Differences Between QA and QC in Software Testing" width="740" height="444">
<figcaption>Key Differences Between QA and QC in Software Testing.</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2 dir="ltr">How QA and QC Work Together?</h2>
QA and QC can complement each other's roles:
<ul>
<li dir="ltr">QA and QC work together to create a strong quality plan. QA sets the foundation by building quality into processes from the start to prevent issues before they occur. QC then steps in to test the final product, identifying and fixing any missed defects to provide an extra layer of assurance.&nbsp;</li>
<li dir="ltr">QC provides helpful feedback to QA to improve future work. When QC finds repeating issues or common mistakes, QA can update standards, change guidelines, or improve processes to prevent these problems from happening again. This feedback loop between QA and QC supports ongoing improvement, helping teams improve the process and the product over time.</li>
</ul>
<h2 dir="ltr">FAQs</h2>
Are QA and QC interchangeable?
No, QA and QC are not interchangeable. QA is focused on preventing defects by setting up quality processes from the start, while QC tests the final product to catch and fix any remaining issues. QA ensures quality through proactive planning, whereas QC provides a final check through testing and validation.
What are the cost impacts of prioritizing QA over QC in a development project?
Prioritizing QA can lower long-term costs by reducing rework and defects early in the process. It minimizes expensive last-minute fixes in QC, leading to more efficient resource use and cost savings over time.
What types of projects might require a heavier focus on QA compared to QC, or vice versa?
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Projects that are complex or have strict regulations usually need more QA to prevent issues early. On the other hand, smaller projects or prototypes might focus more on QC to test functionality without needing extensive process control.
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&gt;&gt;&nbsp;Read more testing-related topics:
<ul>
<li dir="ltr">Detailed Explanation of 7 <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/software-testing-principles">Software Testing Principles</a></li>
<li dir="ltr">4&nbsp;<a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/levels-of-testing-in-software-testing">Levels Of Testing In Software Testing</a>: Explanation &amp; Examples</li>
<li dir="ltr"><a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/test-plan-in-software-testing">How to Write A Powerful Test Plan in Software Testing</a>?</li>
<li dir="ltr"><a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/manual-testing-vs-automation-testing">Manual Testing vs Automation Testing</a>: Which is Better?</li>
</ul>
<h2 dir="ltr">Conclusion</h2>
QA and QC are both important for creating high-quality software, but they focus on different parts of the process. QA is proactive, building quality into each step of development to prevent issues early on. QC is reactive, finding and fixing any leftover issues in the final product. Together, they create a balanced approach: QA helps reduce defects from the start, and QC makes sure the product is user-ready.
Using both QA and QC allows teams to work more effectively, cut costs, and deliver reliable software. Understanding how these two roles support each other helps teams make better choices, improve quality throughout development, and consistently meet user expectations.
&gt;&gt;&gt; Follow and Contact <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/">Relia Software</a> for more information!

QA focuses on preventing defects by setting up quality processes from the start, while QC tests the final product to catch and fix any remaining issues.

What is The Difference Between QA and QC in Software Testing? | Relia Software

What is The Difference Between QA and QC in Software Testing?

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Agile offers flexibility with iterative cycles and continuous feedback, while Waterfall provides a structured, linear approach that is less adaptable to change.

Agile vs Waterfall Methodology: Which One is Better? | Relia Software

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Agile vs Waterfall Methodology: Similarities, Differences & Use Cases

NoSQL databases, or 'Not Only SQL,' address the limitations of traditional relational databases by offering flexible, schema-less storage that efficiently handles large volumes of unstructured data. This adaptability makes NoSQL an ideal choice for data-heavy applications like social media, e-commerce, and IoT, where high scalability, speed, and performance are essential.
This article delves into the core aspects of NoSQL databases&mdash;their definition, types, benefits, and ideal use cases&mdash;to reveal how they meet the demands of modern, data-driven applications.
&gt;&gt; Databases-related topics:
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<li><a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/database-scaling">Database Scaling</a> Explained: A Guide to Efficient Growth</li>
<li>Mastering <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/index-in-sql">Index in SQL</a> to Improve Database Performance</li>
<li>Understanding 6 <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/types-of-indexes-in-sql">Different Types of Indexes in SQL</a></li>
</ul>
<h2>Brief History and Evolution of NoSQL</h2>
Relational databases (SQL databases) introduced in the 1970s brought structured data management with fixed schemas, <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/acid-properties-in-dbms">ACID compliance</a>, and SQL for querying. They became the standard for managing structured data, supporting business applications with reliable transactions. However, as big data and web-scale applications emerged, SQL databases faced limitations in scalability, flexibility, and handling unstructured data like text, images, and JSON.
Modern applications increasingly needed real-time processing, high scalability, and diverse data structures, but SQL systems struggled due to monolithic design and rigid schemas. These challenges led to the rise of NoSQL databases&mdash;schema-less, horizontally scalable, and flexible models capable of meeting the demands of applications like social media, e-commerce, and IoT.
Thus, NoSQL databases emerged as a powerful alternative, providing the speed, scalability, and adaptability that SQL systems couldn&rsquo;t easily match for modern, data-driven applications.
<h2>What is NoSQL Database?</h2>
A NoSQL database, also known as "not only SQL" or "non-relational," is a database management system designed to store and retrieve data without relying on the structured tables of traditional relational databases.&nbsp;This flexibility allows NoSQL databases to handle large volumes of unstructured and semi-structured data with high scalability and performance.
<a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/difference-between-sql-and-nosql">Key Differences Between SQL and NoSQL</a>: SQL databases rely on rigid schemas, structured tables, and ACID compliance. In contrast, NoSQL databases offer schema flexibility, eventual consistency, and horizontal scalability, allowing for rapid processing and distributed data storage.
With a schema-less setup, NoSQL allows varied data types and structures within the same database. This adaptability supports evolving data needs and reduces migration tasks.
<h2>What Are the 4 Types of NoSQL Databases?</h2>
Let&rsquo;s explore Document-Based, Key-Value, Column-Family, and Graph&mdash; the 4 NoSQL database types with examples and their unique features.
<h3 class="oatEtb">Document-Based Databases</h3>
<blockquote>
<div class="oatEtb">Example: MongoDB, CouchDB, RethinkDB, etc.</div>
</blockquote>
Document databases store data as self-contained documents, usually in JSON or BSON formats. Each document can have a unique structure, enabling flexibility for data models that change over time. Fields within documents can hold complex data types, like nested documents or arrays, allowing a schema-less setup that is <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/what-is-agile-software-development">agile in development</a>.
Document databases are commonly used in content management systems, e-commerce, and applications that need flexible data models without frequent schema updates.
However, schema flexibility can sometimes lead to inconsistent data structures, and complex queries may be limited compared to relational databases.
<h3>Key-Value Databases</h3>
<blockquote>
Example: Redis, DynamoDB, Amazon SimpleDB, etc.
</blockquote>
Key-value databases organize data as collections of unique key-value pairs. Each key identifies a value, which can vary from a simple string, number, boolean, to more complex data, depending on the database&rsquo;s capabilities. This straightforward structure provides high-speed read and write operations by retrieving data solely through its unique key, which is particularly beneficial for real-time applications, caching, and session management.
Designed to handle high traffic and distributed workloads, key-value stores are highly scalable and effective in applications demanding speed and simplicity.&nbsp;However, their structure makes complex, multi-dimensional queries difficult as they are optimized for single-key retrieval.
<h3>Column-Family Databases</h3>
<blockquote>
Example: Cassandra, HBase, Hypertable etc.
</blockquote>
Column-family databases store data in columns rather than traditional rows, organizing them into column families for efficient data handling, especially with wide rows or high data volumes. This structure allows optimized reads and writes for specific columns, increasing performance for large-scale datasets.
Column-family databases are ideal for time-series data, <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/iot-app-development">IoT applications</a>, and cases requiring fast access to expansive datasets. Thanks to their horizontal scaling abilities, they are well-suited for distributed systems and data-intensive tasks that need high write throughput and fault tolerance.&nbsp;However, modeling complex relationships can be challenging, and they offer less flexibility than document databases.
<h3>Graph Databases</h3>
<blockquote>Example: Neo4j, Amazon Neptune, FlockDB, etc.</blockquote>
<a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/what-is-a-graph-database">Graph databases</a> specialize in managing and analyzing relationships between data points by structuring data as nodes (entities), edges (relationships), and properties (attributes).
This model allows for efficient traversal of relationships, making it suitable for applications like social networks, recommendation engines, fraud detection, and <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/best-supply-chain-management-software">supply chain management</a>, where connections between data points are vital. Graph databases enable fast and insightful queries into how entities interconnect, supporting complex data analysis in relationship-driven use cases.
While powerful for connected data, they may be less efficient with unrelated data types or simple lookups and often require specialized query languages.
&gt;&gt;&nbsp;You may consider: <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/vector-database-vs-graph-database">Vector Database vs Graph Database</a>: Which One Is Better?
NoSQL&rsquo;s variety in data models&mdash;document, key-value, column-family, and graph&mdash;allows for tailored storage solutions based on specific application needs, making it highly adaptable for modern, data-intensive applications.
<figure class="image align-center"><img src="https://api.reliasoftware.com/uploads/nosql_database_types_99f470ae2d.webp" alt="4 Types of NoSQL Databases" width="740" height="444">
<figcaption>4 Types of NoSQL Databases.</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>4 Key Advantages of NoSQL Databases</h2>
Scalability: NoSQL databases are designed for horizontal scalability, allowing data distribution across multiple servers or nodes. Unlike traditional SQL databases, which generally scale vertically by adding resources to a single server, NoSQL's horizontal scaling can handle growing data volumes and high user loads cost-effectively.
Flexibility: NoSQL&rsquo;s schema-less design supports structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data within the same database, allowing for adaptable data models as needs evolve. This flexibility is especially valuable for dynamic applications, like content management and real-time analytics, where data structures may frequently change, promoting agile development and reducing time to market.
High Availability and Fault Tolerance: Typically distributed across multiple nodes, NoSQL databases are high available and resilient. Many NoSQL systems use replication and sharding to ensure that data is stored redundantly across different servers, allowing the system to stay operational even if some nodes go down. This distributed design makes NoSQL databases suitable for mission-critical applications requiring high availability.
Performance: Optimized for fast data retrieval, NoSQL databases manage high volumes of data with low latency and high throughput. Their distributed architecture allows for fast reads, writes, and concurrency, ideal for real-time applications such as gaming, messaging systems, and IoT platforms, where quick response times are crucial.
<h2>Challenges and Considerations with NoSQL Databases</h2>
While NoSQL databases provide numerous benefits for modern applications, they come with specific challenges and considerations that developers and organizations must weigh carefully.&nbsp;
Consistency vs. Availability Trade-Off:
As described by the CAP theorem, distributed data systems must balance Consistency, Availability, and Partition Tolerance. Most NoSQL databases prioritize availability and partition tolerance over strict consistency, which means they often offer eventual consistency rather than immediate data consistency.&nbsp;This trade-off can be problematic for applications that require real-time data integrity, such as financial transactions or inventory systems.
Limited Querying Capabilities: 
Unlike SQL databases, NoSQL systems generally lack advanced querying options like joins, nested queries, and aggregations. This limitation can require additional development effort, as custom code may be needed to retrieve and manage related data. Furthermore, some NoSQL databases are optimized for specific data retrieval patterns, which may not be as flexible as the querying capabilities offered by SQL.
Complexity of Data Relationships: 
Relational databases are optimized for handling highly interconnected data, using normalized tables and foreign keys to efficiently manage complex relationships. In contrast, most NoSQL databases do not support complex relationships as seamlessly, making them challenging for applications like social networks or <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/best-hr-software-for-small-business">HR systems</a>. While graph databases excel in relationship-heavy use cases, they are not universally applicable.
Lack of Standardization: 
Unlike SQL databases, NoSQL systems lack a standardized syntax, query language, and consistency model. For example, MongoDB has a document-oriented query language, while Cassandra uses CQL, which resembles SQL but differs in function. This lack of standardization increases the learning curve, complicates maintenance, and makes transitions between NoSQL systems challenging. Integration with existing data infrastructure can also be difficult without standardized practices.
NoSQL databases are well-suited to specific use cases like <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/big-data-e-commerce">big data</a>, real-time analytics, and flexible data models. However, organizations should thoroughly assess their requirements before adopting NoSQL and consider hybrid solutions when balancing flexibility with consistency, querying power, and standardization.
<h2>Practical Use Cases for&nbsp;NoSQL Databases</h2>
<h3>Big Data Applications</h3>
NoSQL is well-suited for Big Data, especially in IoT and social media, where vast amounts of unstructured and semi-structured data are generated continuously. In IoT, NoSQL efficiently manages high-velocity time-series data from smart devices, sensors, and other connected technologies. Similarly, social media platforms benefit from NoSQL&rsquo;s schema-less model for managing user-generated content, including posts, comments, and multimedia. 
<h3>Real-Time Web Applications</h3>
NoSQL supports the low-latency and high-throughput demands of chat apps, online gaming, and <a href="https://reliasoftware.com/blog/tips-for-successful-e-commerce-website-design">e-commerce platforms</a>.&nbsp;In e-commerce, NoSQL databases manage product catalogs, user sessions, and personalized recommendations, enabling rapid data access and modification without performance delays.
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For online gaming, NoSQL databases handle large volumes of player data and game states with low latency, enabling fast updates for real-time gameplay, multiplayer interactions, and leaderboards. This scalability ensures smooth performance even as player numbers fluctuate.
<h3 class="flex items-center">Distributed Databases and Global Data Storage</h3>
NoSQL is essential for globally distributed applications, particularly in cloud environments, where data is stored across regions to ensure high availability and fault tolerance. Distributed NoSQL systems like Cassandra and Couchbase replicate data across geographically dispersed nodes, providing consistent access and protecting against data loss due to hardware failures.
This makes NoSQL ideal for applications with a global user base&mdash;such as multinational e-commerce sites, travel booking platforms, and streaming services&mdash;where users expect fast, reliable data access worldwide.
<figure class="image align-center"><img src="https://api.reliasoftware.com/uploads/practical_use_cases_for_nosql_databases_835ee3d43d.webp" alt="Practical Use Cases for&nbsp;NoSQL Databases" width="700" height="350">
<figcaption>Practical Use Cases for NoSQL Databases.</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>Real-World Success Stories of Using NoSQL</h2>
Netflix and Cassandra:
Netflix uses Apache Cassandra to manage its global streaming services, which handle billions of user requests daily. Cassandra&rsquo;s architecture allows Netflix to distribute data across multiple data centers, ensuring service availability during peak hours and resilient performance.
By relying on Cassandra's horizontal scaling and fault tolerance, Netflix can seamlessly handle traffic spikes without service interruptions, providing a stable experience for users worldwide.
Amazon and DynamoDB:
Amazon utilizes DynamoDB to power parts of its e-commerce platform, where speed and reliability are critical. DynamoDB supports rapid transactions, real-time inventory updates, and personalized product recommendations, thanks to its low-latency, high-throughput design.
Amazon's choice of DynamoDB also supports massive scalability, enabling it to handle seasonal traffic surges like those on Black Friday, all while ensuring smooth, consistent service for millions of users.
eBay and MongoDB:
eBay leverages MongoDB for storing diverse product listings and user interactions, benefiting from MongoDB&rsquo;s flexible, document-based model. This schema-less setup allows eBay to adapt to evolving data requirements without constant schema changes.
MongoDB&rsquo;s flexibility aids in managing varied data from product descriptions to user-generated content, enabling fast, responsive updates to the e-commerce site without compromising performance.
<h2>Conclusion</h2>
NoSQL databases are now essential in today&rsquo;s data-centric landscape, providing the scalability, flexibility, and performance necessary for complex, large-scale applications. They are adept at managing diverse data types, supporting real-time processing, and distributing workloads across multiple nodes, making them ideal for Big Data, IoT, social media, and globally distributed applications.
As data volumes expand and systems become more interconnected, NoSQL will continue to evolve, integrating advanced querying, tighter consistency, and enhanced compatibility with traditional databases, ensuring its continued relevance in managing complex data ecosystems.
&gt;&gt;&gt; Follow and Contact&nbsp;<a href="https://reliasoftware.com/">Relia Software</a> for more information!
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A NoSQL database, known as "not only SQL" or "non-relational," is a system designed to store and manage data without the structured tables used in relational databases.

What is NoSQL Database? Types, Advantages, and Use Cases | Relia Software

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What is NoSQL Database? Types, Benefits, and Use Cases

Cybersecurity in software development is the proactive integration of security measures throughout the SDLC to protect applications, data, and systems from threats and vulnerabilities.

In-depth Guide To Cybersecurity in Software Development | Relia Software

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Cybersecurity in Software Development: Threats, Principles & Defenses

Mendix, OutSystems, Microsoft Power Apps, Zoho Creators, Pega, Salesforce Lightning, ServiceNow App Engine, WaveMaker, and Airtable are 9 leading low-code and no-code platforms for businesses